- Feb 20, 2010
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AKA, I lose my goddamn mind, because this is probably the most insane thing I’ve ever done on this forum.
The Race Design Thread has often been a bit of a refuge for me, especially at times when I’m pretty down, seeking a bit of escapism and looking out into the world, investigating places’ histories, cultures and geographies through the medium of entirely fictional bike races that I would want to see. And at times, not just the countries and cities that these fictitious races take place in, but the things that happened in those places and the people who lived and died there, send me down crazy rabbit holes, sometimes for better and sometimes for worse (I probably could have done without learning about Daniel Larson in my Tour of Colorado, for example), and often running into many paragraphs, especially in flat stages with little else to talk about. But a short while ago, while researching for a Race Design Thread project, I ended up…well, as I mentioned last week:
I was designing - as I have tried to on many occasions in the past but never quite been happy with - a more all-encompassing Tour of Japan, as it is one of the few countries that I believe could realistically host an alternative “Grand Tour” - it is big enough to offer variety while being small enough to tour the majority of in a three week format, and it is geographically diverse enough as well as having sufficient infrastructure in mountainous areas throughout the country. I was researching the cities of the Chugoku region, at the extreme east end of Honshu, when multiple cities threw up suggestions regarding famous inhabitants who were, or had been, professional wrestlers. This, in and of itself, is nothing strange - pro wrestling is very big in Japan. However, all of them were women, who had come to the “sport” from unorthodox means, with a single connecting thread which led me to investigate further until I was so deep down the rabbit hole that daylight had disappeared from above me. Many of my posts over the years have acknowledged how I enjoyed wrestling during my childhood, but while the actual spectacle itself is something I’d left behind, the inner workings of the industry have been an endlessly fascinating subject to me - the maintenance and protection of the falsehood that underpins the “sport”, the interconnected scenes, the way different styles developed in different areas, and the culture of unwritten rules, respect and integrity that somehow are so pervasive in a custom so inherently ridiculous and built around at least maintaining the premise of deceiving a public that has been aware of that deceit for decades.
Japanese wrestling, or ‘puroresu’ as it is often called (a contraction of Japanese pronunciations of “pro-wres(tling)”), is big business. And despite the fact that, like elsewhere, the audience are well aware that it is entirely acted, it is generally treated with a seriousness far beyond its overseas counterparts. It is reported on, in kayfabe, in genuine sports media, most notably the Tokyo Sports, a newspaper serving as Japan’s equivalent of L’Équipe or Gazzetta dello Sport. Segments on shows not directly relating to “competition” are minimal; in-ring microphone time is usually limited to issuing or acknowledging challenges, other interaction is done mostly through pre- and post-match interviews and press conferences similar to those in legitimate sports; storylines are usually acted out within matches, rather than driven by backstage antics. Perhaps this seriousness is derived from its lineage; wrestling was popularised in Japan by Rikidozan, a Korean-born star from the 1950s, whose battles to preserve Japanese honour against foreign menaces pulled allusions and procedures from his sumo background, and refined a generation later through one of the most successful of these ‘foreign menace’ villains, Karl Gotch, a Belgian specialist in freestyle “catch-as-catch-can” wrestling (a forerunner of Olympic freestyle wrestling, in fact) who had been blackballed in America after a backstage altercation, and who trained a generation of Japanese stars in this more legitimate-looking style.
One of the characteristics puroresu shares with sumo is the clear segregation of men’s and women’s competitions; unlike in America and Mexico, where until recently female wrestlers would perform as a kind of novelty or side-show on the men’s cards, Japan had large companies dedicated solely to women’s wrestling (called “joshi puroresu”, literally “woman wrestling”). The women had a tendency towards more colourful outfits and shows, and many of the women were more flexible or acrobatic than their male counterparts, thus allowing for more creative and eye-catching techniques (indeed, many popular acrobatic moves of American wrestling in the 90s and 2000s were in fact invented by Japanese women). In the 1980s, the pairing of Lioness Asuka and Chigusa Nagayo, called the “Crush Gals”, would become mainstream stars in Japan comparable in popularity to Hulk Hogan in America, especially when facing off against intimidating, threatening-looking villains like Dump Matsumoto or against perennial rivals the Jumping Bomb Angels. In 1994, a cross-promotional women’s wrestling super-show at the Tokyo Dome drew over 30.000 fans.
AJW in 1993
However, at the same time as wrestling was seeing a huge boom in the West and the big Japanese men’s companies were at their critical zenith, the bottom fell out of the Joshi golden age. 1997 saw the largest company, AJW, suffer a financial collapse, and rival JWP faced tragedy after a wrestler called Plum Mariko passed away in August that year, Japan’s first death directly related to in-ring injuries. With the simultaneous success of “Junior Heavyweight” (i.e. lighter and more athletic) men’s wrestling beginning in the mid-90s, women’s wrestling was largely wiped out of the Japanese mainstream, surviving only with walking corpses of the former heavyweight promotions, and small independent companies with limited audience reach. An unflattering documentary that showcased the insides of women’s wrestling in Japan further damaged the industry in 2000; women are of course banned from professional sumo, but women’s wrestling featured many of the same underlying issues - often very young children being sent to live in collective dojos, undergoing rigorous physical training and being subjected to harsh punishment - with a culture of severe and often dangerous bullying and rookie-hazing being exposed, and trainees being subjected to excessive physical abuse, lending it a reputation combining the worst abuses of both a sumo heya and infamously exploitative gymnastics schools. Various methods were attempted to revive the popularity of Joshi in the wake of these successive blows, many of which resulted in absolute insanity, and this was where the rabbit hole took me.
The number one women’s wrestling promotion in the world right now is World Wonder Ring Stardom, or just “Stardom” for short. It is doing gangbusters in terms of business and has a pretty positive reputation nowadays, but it was not always thus. In fact, the history of Stardom as a whole is a huge and frequently insane rabbit hole. Its founder, Hiroshi “Rossy” Ogawa, is a businessman who had been a ringside photographer for AJW back in the golden age, and depending on who you talk to, he is everything from a kindly father figure to often-damaged young women, and a career saviour who can turn things around for women cast aside by other exploitative industries or badly treated in other wrestling companies, to a seedy old man who plays favourites, has a penchant for body-shaming, and who has allowed and even encouraged both abusive and exploitative practices - including potentially of children - to go on under his watch.
The ever-controversial Ogawa
The entire company was born out of one of many attempts - several of which involving Ogawa - during this downturn in the fortunes of women’s wrestling to adapt to the trappings of the already-exploitative and materialistic idol industry; to recount the many bizarre escapades of the history of Stardom would take forever. I mean, this is a company that built its public image around a gravure model; which recruited an island of misfit toys, including a former hikikomori (shut-in), and an internationally-competing yachtswoman and classical Japanese literature graduate from a prestigious university, who was recruited to Stardom after one of their trainers chanced upon her portraying a wrestler in an amateur theatre production. A company that first came to public prominence due to having to fire its World Champion, YOSHIKO, after she went off-script and deliberately pummelled a wrestler named Act Yasukawa so badly she was disfigured and permanently blinded in one eye, a shocking and gruesome event still known to the Japanese public as “the Ghastly Match”. A company which attracted criticism for building its reputation around rehabilitating idols and emphasising the physical attractiveness of its competitors, then putting 11- and 12-year-old girls in the ring in front of a paying public (some of whom appeared to take an uncomfortable interest in the youngsters) and selling swimsuit photobooks including talents below the age of consent. A company which saw its own fans bully and shame a young wrestler into retirement, and a couple of years later, even worse, its biggest rising star, Hana Kimura - following an altercation with a popular comedian on a reality TV show - became the victim of a targeted and aggressive cyberbullying campaign so intense that it drove her to public self-mutilation and suicide, resulting in multiple trolls being sentenced to prison time and precipitating changes to Japanese law. As an added twist of poignancy, it had been Hana’s mother, Kyoko, who had gone to ringside, called an audible and thrown in the towel to protect Act Yasukawa and bring an end to the “ghastly match”.
Act Yasukawa, an early Stardom fan favourite due to her charisma and sympathetic background, suffering from Graves’ Disease, having been bullied as a child to the point of attempting suicide and having to take medication that rendered her infertile in order to continue her career, before a brutal off-script beating (warning: graphic) that forced her into an early retirement
Shiki Shibusawa, Stardom’s Rookie of the Year in 2017, hounded out of the industry by abuse from the company’s own fans less than a year later
Hana Kimura, one of Stardom’s brightest prospects, shortly before taking her own life in 2020, aged just 22
And yet, somehow, this company survives - and not just survives but thrives. Stardom became strong enough that it attracted mainstream attention, and convinced NJPW, the biggest wrestling federation in Asia, to introduce a women’s title. Bushiroad, the corporation that owns NJPW, purchased Stardom and now markets its events worldwide. Ogawa has been ousted, freeing the company from some of the controversies of its past and sparking change in the style of promotion, and founded his own rival group, Dream Star Fighting Marigold. The company has developed partnerships with major companies in the US, Mexico and Europe, and most of the Japanese women to appear in WWE since 2010 have come via Stardom, while several non-Japanese stars have also spent time there. The promotion’s current champion, Saya Kamitani, originally joined the company to be a backup dancer having never watched wrestling in her life, and has now become a mainstream television figure in Japan, bringing live women’s wrestling to terrestrial television for the first time in 30 years, and become the first woman to ever receive Tokyo Sports’ MVP award. The company is doing record business.
But, what finally persuaded me to write about this separately was not the business side of things, the controversies or the madness of the company sourcing in ring talents from gravure models, sailors, dancers, an alleged yakuza princess, punk rock singers (no, really) and SMALL CHILDREN, but from something which I had not at all anticipated. That, for the first time in over two decades, and not including unscripted tragedies, somebody would make me care about the outcome of a wrestling match - moreover, a wrestling match which had already happened over two years before I learned of her existence.
Saki Kashima, or Less Is More, More or Less
While the stereotype of the usual wrestling fan in the West is of the drunk, ill-educated boor who still believes it’s real, the stereotype of the internet wrestling fan is more akin to that of the anime or strategy games nerd, a fat man-child with a neckbeard whose main fixation is about how many moves their favourite wrestlers can cram into a match, with little regard for anything beyond the gymnastic side of the medium. While that is part of the spectacle, of course, this view is akin to a prog rock fan turning their nose up at the Beach Boys because Pet Sounds doesn’t have any eight minute tracks with contrapuntal duelling guitar solos and shifting time signatures. Being able to do the moves is only one part of the puzzle; knowing when to do them - and when not to - is far more important. And something that makes this crucial is the acting element of wrestling. Wrestlers’ acting skills are often rightly derided as being corny and exaggerated, but this is usually deliberate; apart from the WWE kind of level, where big video screens accompany the shows, they have to convey their emotions in a manner so that the entire audience can read them, no matter which side of the ring they are seated. This exaggerated, performative aspect of the show is just part of the audience’s suspension of disbelief, but can then be dialled up extra notches for the sake of humour, and wrestling has always incorporated levels of comedy - often puerile or slapstick - to add variety to the shows.
In Japan, while the combat element of wrestling is by and large treated more seriously than elsewhere, the comedy is often more overt. This, I believe, is a holdover from the old days of converted sumo wrestlers; while sumo is legitimate competition, every competition day will include a slapstick performance by lower level rikishi who demonstrate the various forbidden actions within the dohyo by way of an exaggerated, standardised routine designed to illustrate to the audience what they will and will not see in the show, regardless of language or literacy. Nearly every company will have a wrestler or two who are never going to win any “best match” accolades or the hearts of the elitists, but their primary role is comic relief, usually with an exaggeratedly comical appearance or costume to reinforce that they are a spectacle separate from the more serious wrestlers, and they are also often used as the opposition when a wrestler is nursing, or recovering from, injury, in order to get them onto the show without expending much by way of physical exertion.
Saki Kashima is not a comedy wrestler. Except sometimes, when she is. But she isn’t.
She will never be the darling of the stereotypical wrestling fan. She is, however, the best in the world at knowing when not to do the moves. Or, in fact, any moves at all.
She is an unlikely pro wrestler - by her own admission, teenage Saki was a loner from a backwater town, who dropped out of high school, hated being in front of people, felt uncomfortable conversing, and weighed under 40kg. She was talked into giving it a try by her mother, who was desperate to find her daughter something sociable to do, as although she clearly wasn’t physically suited to it, wrestling seemed to be one of the only things she actually enjoyed. But she was the only trainee from her class who stuck it out. Kashima’s career began in 2011, but the first part of her career, in front of the tiny crowds of Stardom’s formative years, isn’t really of great interest other than the curio that she wasn’t debuted as part of a ‘wave’ of talents as rookies tend to be introduced in Japan, but on her own due to an unfortunately-timed injury, and she was curiously billed at 50kg, a weight she was visibly nowhere near (and would never reach in her career). This period would last only around 18 months, however, before she bid adieu; despite winning her first belt as part of the company’s inaugural trios champions, she was simply too frail for the nightly punishment of the regular circuit, and went on a long leave of absence which resulted in her contract being voided and the belts being vacated.
There is unfortunately more to it; Stardom at the time was rife with cliques - something that would be a persistent problem until changes forced by the “Ghastly Match” - and Japanese sources mention Ogawa talking of an incident in this period where a wrestler quit after a clique of seniors forcibly isolated them socially from their peers and controlled all their interactions for months, and “fled home to Matsue”. Although unnamed in the book, by process of elimination this could only have been Kashima (although a couple of hours away from her hometown, Matsue is the capital of her home prefecture, and where she would work at a pachinko parlour during her leave of absence), however as Ogawa can’t be considered an especially reliable narrator this was rather buried all the way until April 2026, when Kashima herself corroborated the story in an interview with the Samurai!TV channel, stating that she had not wanted to quit, but was being constantly threatened and harassed backstage, and felt coerced into “leaving of her own accord”.
Nevertheless, she would make an unexpected return to the ring in 2018, after five years away, following which she spent almost two years as part of the faction known as “Stars”, a saccharine-sweet group of do-gooders supporting the company’s main protagonist Mayu Iwatani. Mayu was the last remaining part of the “Threedom” group, whose exploits had rebuilt the company’s reputation after the “Ghastly Match” (the others being Io Shirai and Kairi Hojo, both of whom left for WWE), and a pet project of Rossy Ogawa, who had quite literally taken her in and put a roof over her head; according to a 2017 documentary, she experienced something traumatic but undisclosed as a child, causing her to refuse to leave her house for almost three years, before deciding to become a wrestler and running away to Tokyo, aged 16 and with nothing but two bags of clothes and the money in her pocket. Due to this childhood isolation, she had remained off-screen friends with many of her fellow first- and second-generation trainees even after several of them retired, as they were among her first real friends. It was perhaps natural that she and Saki would share a connection, both being similarly-aged, lonely high school dropouts from small Chugoku towns who had been among Stardom’s earliest wave of recruits, and that she would play a role in bringing her friend back to wrestling years down the line.
Stardom wrestlers in 2010. Kashima and Iwatani, aged 17 and still trainees at this point, can be seen together in the top left
Two small-town social recluses, recast as cheerful, cosmopolitan heroines upon reuniting almost a decade later
While this kinship with Iwatani meant she got a prominent role in skits and non-wrestling segments, due to her slight build making her a physical underdog in the vast majority of match-ups and her outward appearance of prettiness and fragility setting off protection instincts in the mostly-male audience, Kashima’s character at this time would largely be limited to “babyface in peril”, the good guy who gets beaten up in tag team matches before tagging in the bigger star to save the day; she would take a huge amount of punishment, never giving up, until finally tagging Iwatani in to deliver the crowd-pleasing climax - and Saki would often be pinned when they lost, so that the bigger star didn't look weak. Once a bigger name returnee, Arisa Hoshiki, joined the faction and became Iwatani’s primary partner, Kashima saw herself relegated to a bit-part player. She got a couple of reigns with team-based titles, but she was always the junior partner to bigger stars in these. And it was always her that took the fall when the time came for them to lose the belts. Her most memorable chance to show personality during this period came during a feud with the villainous Oedo Tai stable, where a wrestler called Natsu Sumire would grab the microphone and karaoke along to Kashima’s entrance theme, enraging her and amusing both her Stars teammates and the crowd.
In Natsu’s defence, Saki’s theme is a banger. Note Saki’s teammates holding her back on the ramp, and her supposed best friend Iwatani dancing along in the ring
Sumire would spend almost a year storyline-tormenting Kashima, mocking her appearance and small-town background and calling her a “Donki” or “Don Quixote girl”, referencing a cheap Japanese chain store selling knock-off or end-of-line clothing and make-up, somewhere in between Hot Topic in the US and Primark in Western Europe, and popular with the yanki subculture of dropout teenagers and 20-something NEETs - ramping up the trolling further in a gimmick match during a holiday special, where the wrestlers all had to cosplay as one another; she would come out to the ring as “the REAL Saki Kashima”, with her generic, smiling demeanour exchanged for a scruffy delinquent in thrift shop clothes, cheap make-up and perfume, smoking and carrying her ring gear in plastic Donki bags, suggesting that her entire presentation was a façade.
Sumire makes her entrance in the costume-swap match. Saki is also dressed as another wrestler. The music preceding Saki’s entrance music is a Don Quixote advertising jingle.
But the thing is, it kinda was. She may not have been the caricature presented by Sumire (for one thing, neither Masuda nor Matsue has a Don Quixote store), but neither was she the pure and clean idol Stardom presented her as; her previous employment was being whitewashed to downplay the grey economy nature of pachinko, while her ring gear was high-waisted to hide a tattoo on her hip, which would also be airbrushed out of the company’s idol-oriented content. The character she was playing had both a shelf-life and a ceiling, and it was becoming increasingly clear that change was needed to avoid becoming stale. And to stop Sumire from further embarrassing her and making her a figure of fun to the audience, the path of least resistance would be… to join the villains herself, of course.
Mayu laughing along on guest commentary while Saki got pummelled during a match was the final straw. Iwatani being a terrible leader of the good guys, constantly introducing a new flavour-of-the-month best friend, only to cast them aside for a new toy and see them turn on her, became a running gag in Stardom, as Kashima was just one of many who followed this route to on-screen villainy. Although it does not appear that there had been much long-term planning involved (in fact, Kashima at first had to borrow outfits from former nemesis Sumire in order to fit with the colour scheme of her new colleagues), joining Oedo Tai boosted Kashima’s career, because as is often the case in wrestling, the “heels” get to show more character. At first, she was portrayed as an intense villain, and a chaotic “Lumberjill” match in an empty arena, where Iwatani would get her chance at revenge on Saki, and the two engaged in a battle of one-upmanship over who could show the least regard for their own personal safety, is considered by many to be the best thing Stardom did during the Covid-19 era.
However, she was similarly ill-at-ease in this role. During the Covid days, due to the empty arenas, Stardom increased their amount of backstage content, allowing wrestlers to livestream and film their own behind-the-scenes action to encourage fan interaction, and despite ostensibly being villains, Oedo Tai as a whole would enjoy a wave of popularity due to their entertaining presence in this format, becoming more about wreaking mischief and mayhem than ruthless acts of villainy, which suited Kashima far better. She teamed with the faction’s leader, Natsuko Tora, and she played the older sister/mentor role after recruiting Rina, one of two 13-year-old twins promoted to the roster with an angel/devil dynamic, into the team later in 2020. But perhaps most significantly, she was the last woman standing for her team in a match against her former team that resulted in Oedo Tai press-ganging Fukigen Death, the company’s resident comedy character, an evil clown (portrayed by veteran wrestler Kaori Yoneyama) who would do short matches which required a minimum of physical effort and would see Death running around creating chaos, with Kashima taking up the role of keeping the mischievous and troublesome clown “under control”.
In time, Kashima would make that desire to expend the minimum amount of effort possible into her most defining character trait, really playing into the characterisation of Sumire and portraying herself as both the ultimate chickens**t villain, whose mouth wrote cheques she couldn’t cash, and a lazy, manipulative grifter. She would show herself shirking work, ignoring strategy meetings, playing rhythm games on her phone, trying to scrounge money out of Ogawa, ordering fast food whenever she succeeded, and referring to her fans as “kimo-ota”, variously translated as “nerds”, “creeps” and “losers”, who were only good for making her money by buying her merchandise. This would translate to her in-ring presentation too; although a safe worker who isn’t known to have ever injured anybody, her scruffy style of execution suited desperation better than control. While the origin of the “Real Saki Kashima” schtick may have been grounded in reality at least at some point in her career, though, Kashima by all backstage accounts (notably including those of punishing trainer and notorious rookie-hazer Nanae Takahashi, a divisive character who had given Saki a roughing up in her debut, as was the fashion of the time) worked really hard to make it despite her physical limitations, and this character change was more about maintenance and longevity; at 163cm she was far from the shortest wrestler on the roster but, weighing just 45kg at her heaviest, she was comfortably the thinnest and lightest, and at higher risk of getting injured. For context, when she debuted she weighed less than Gaia Realini; at her heaviest, she is still 4kg lighter than Kasia Niewiadoma-Phinney. Shortly after her return to the ring, Hana Kimura mockingly called her “a beansprout” due to her stick-thin build, and the nickname stuck, both in and out of the ring. While she was good at being a sympathetic ‘babyface in peril’, though, she simply wasn’t physically durable enough to take that kind of punishment long-term. Portraying a villain at the very least enabled her to avoid being thrown around like a ragdoll every show - but it was a careful balancing act, as while the role she was developing offered plenty of scope for humour, there was the risk of becoming pigeonholed as a comedy wrestler if she overdid it. She still needed to be perceived as a threat.
So, Saki Kashima became a thief. And she became efficient. It was in her interest - both in character and out - to get the job done as soon as possible. She would therefore purge her repertoire of anything that seemed too laborious, relegate her former finishing moves to emergency use only, and in their place came Kishikaisei.
The most electrifying move in sports entertainment
A television and movie trope, “Kishikaisei” (起死回生) translates as “awaken from death and come back to life” and is often used to refer to that moment when the hero has been beaten down and then makes a miraculous comeback. If you’ve ever seen a Rocky movie, you’ll recognise this. It’s a grandiose and melodramatic name for what is, at its core, a form of cradle, an amateur wrestling leverage technique rather than anything that would hurt the opponent. It had been part of her arsenal before, but with Oedo Tai it became a signature, a calling card, and eventually the centrepiece of any Saki Kashima match. Frequently in Oedo Tai’s multi-person tag matches, she would be their saviour; the villains would often be on the brink of defeat when she would pop in at the last second and deflate the audience by stealing a cheap win with a Kishikaisei, even when outnumbered. Against more neutral opponents, she would be being beaten down and surviving by the skin of her teeth, before recovering with a desperation Kishikaisei out of nowhere to score the win. She eliminated Iwatani from high-stakes elimination matches in back to back events with it, and later Saki’s powers of survival and revival became the central driving point of a lengthy title run for Oedo Tai, with Starlight Kid and Momo Watanabe being above her in the pecking order but frequently having to rely on Saki’s clutch ability to pull a Kishikaisei out of nowhere to retain the belts. She could be pinned by the lowliest member of the opposition team… but if she survived long enough and got her move in, she could beat the very best - including the top dogs of the company. She would enter the company’s annual 5 Star Grand Prix (a sort of league table of singles matches taking place over two weeks, akin to a sumo basho) and lose to everybody… except the two highest-status wrestlers in her block, both of whom she’d defeat with a surprise Kishikaisei.
Audiences became conditioned to react to the move’s set-up until it was almost all she need do; it ceased to be a desperation move, and became something that she would look to hit from any angle at any time. Her teammates took to carrying a stopwatch to her matches as their brevity became a feature; most of the shortest matches in the company’s history are matches Kashima won by executing a Kishikaisei in the first few seconds of the match, usually via a deceitful fake handshake offer, enabling her to pop the crowd off barely ten seconds’ work. Including a long-awaited revenge meeting with Mayu Iwatani, where she pinned the company’s most established star in 17 seconds. Including opening the company’s premier tournament by pinning its biggest rising star in under 40 seconds. And including what for many years was the shortest match in the company’s history, when she pinned Hana Kimura in 8 seconds during the 5 Star Grand Prix.
The move even got its own top 5 moments from Stardom’s official account.
And perhaps most impressively, the crowd would come unglued whenever the move was threatened or executed, yet it wasn’t some impressive powerful slam, top rope dive or acrobatic feat that would generate that reaction; it was a cradle pin, one which could be delivered to any opponent at any time and carried no physical risk to either the giver or receiver of the move. Saki Kashima is the smartest wrestler out there. I mean, Hulk Hogan could get by on just a couple of moves, but 40 years of leg drops destroyed his hips. People who paid good money to see the company’s biggest stars could see their heroes lose to the villain in ten seconds, and go home happy. Genius.
The Race Design Thread has often been a bit of a refuge for me, especially at times when I’m pretty down, seeking a bit of escapism and looking out into the world, investigating places’ histories, cultures and geographies through the medium of entirely fictional bike races that I would want to see. And at times, not just the countries and cities that these fictitious races take place in, but the things that happened in those places and the people who lived and died there, send me down crazy rabbit holes, sometimes for better and sometimes for worse (I probably could have done without learning about Daniel Larson in my Tour of Colorado, for example), and often running into many paragraphs, especially in flat stages with little else to talk about. But a short while ago, while researching for a Race Design Thread project, I ended up…well, as I mentioned last week:
I’m afraid there’s quite the backlog of races built up, especially as researching one of them (one that I've been wanting to do for a long time, but have been prevented from doing so by the paralysis of choice) has sent me down the wildest, most bizarre rabbit hole yet, one that has grown so large it cannot go in the Race Design Thread as it’s far too off-topic but has run to absurd length (it's resulted in me writing, no joke, well over 10.000 words on the retirement of a pro wrestler I’d never heard of before December, and I’m willing to wager none of you have either)
I was designing - as I have tried to on many occasions in the past but never quite been happy with - a more all-encompassing Tour of Japan, as it is one of the few countries that I believe could realistically host an alternative “Grand Tour” - it is big enough to offer variety while being small enough to tour the majority of in a three week format, and it is geographically diverse enough as well as having sufficient infrastructure in mountainous areas throughout the country. I was researching the cities of the Chugoku region, at the extreme east end of Honshu, when multiple cities threw up suggestions regarding famous inhabitants who were, or had been, professional wrestlers. This, in and of itself, is nothing strange - pro wrestling is very big in Japan. However, all of them were women, who had come to the “sport” from unorthodox means, with a single connecting thread which led me to investigate further until I was so deep down the rabbit hole that daylight had disappeared from above me. Many of my posts over the years have acknowledged how I enjoyed wrestling during my childhood, but while the actual spectacle itself is something I’d left behind, the inner workings of the industry have been an endlessly fascinating subject to me - the maintenance and protection of the falsehood that underpins the “sport”, the interconnected scenes, the way different styles developed in different areas, and the culture of unwritten rules, respect and integrity that somehow are so pervasive in a custom so inherently ridiculous and built around at least maintaining the premise of deceiving a public that has been aware of that deceit for decades.
Japanese wrestling, or ‘puroresu’ as it is often called (a contraction of Japanese pronunciations of “pro-wres(tling)”), is big business. And despite the fact that, like elsewhere, the audience are well aware that it is entirely acted, it is generally treated with a seriousness far beyond its overseas counterparts. It is reported on, in kayfabe, in genuine sports media, most notably the Tokyo Sports, a newspaper serving as Japan’s equivalent of L’Équipe or Gazzetta dello Sport. Segments on shows not directly relating to “competition” are minimal; in-ring microphone time is usually limited to issuing or acknowledging challenges, other interaction is done mostly through pre- and post-match interviews and press conferences similar to those in legitimate sports; storylines are usually acted out within matches, rather than driven by backstage antics. Perhaps this seriousness is derived from its lineage; wrestling was popularised in Japan by Rikidozan, a Korean-born star from the 1950s, whose battles to preserve Japanese honour against foreign menaces pulled allusions and procedures from his sumo background, and refined a generation later through one of the most successful of these ‘foreign menace’ villains, Karl Gotch, a Belgian specialist in freestyle “catch-as-catch-can” wrestling (a forerunner of Olympic freestyle wrestling, in fact) who had been blackballed in America after a backstage altercation, and who trained a generation of Japanese stars in this more legitimate-looking style.
One of the characteristics puroresu shares with sumo is the clear segregation of men’s and women’s competitions; unlike in America and Mexico, where until recently female wrestlers would perform as a kind of novelty or side-show on the men’s cards, Japan had large companies dedicated solely to women’s wrestling (called “joshi puroresu”, literally “woman wrestling”). The women had a tendency towards more colourful outfits and shows, and many of the women were more flexible or acrobatic than their male counterparts, thus allowing for more creative and eye-catching techniques (indeed, many popular acrobatic moves of American wrestling in the 90s and 2000s were in fact invented by Japanese women). In the 1980s, the pairing of Lioness Asuka and Chigusa Nagayo, called the “Crush Gals”, would become mainstream stars in Japan comparable in popularity to Hulk Hogan in America, especially when facing off against intimidating, threatening-looking villains like Dump Matsumoto or against perennial rivals the Jumping Bomb Angels. In 1994, a cross-promotional women’s wrestling super-show at the Tokyo Dome drew over 30.000 fans.
AJW in 1993
However, at the same time as wrestling was seeing a huge boom in the West and the big Japanese men’s companies were at their critical zenith, the bottom fell out of the Joshi golden age. 1997 saw the largest company, AJW, suffer a financial collapse, and rival JWP faced tragedy after a wrestler called Plum Mariko passed away in August that year, Japan’s first death directly related to in-ring injuries. With the simultaneous success of “Junior Heavyweight” (i.e. lighter and more athletic) men’s wrestling beginning in the mid-90s, women’s wrestling was largely wiped out of the Japanese mainstream, surviving only with walking corpses of the former heavyweight promotions, and small independent companies with limited audience reach. An unflattering documentary that showcased the insides of women’s wrestling in Japan further damaged the industry in 2000; women are of course banned from professional sumo, but women’s wrestling featured many of the same underlying issues - often very young children being sent to live in collective dojos, undergoing rigorous physical training and being subjected to harsh punishment - with a culture of severe and often dangerous bullying and rookie-hazing being exposed, and trainees being subjected to excessive physical abuse, lending it a reputation combining the worst abuses of both a sumo heya and infamously exploitative gymnastics schools. Various methods were attempted to revive the popularity of Joshi in the wake of these successive blows, many of which resulted in absolute insanity, and this was where the rabbit hole took me.
The number one women’s wrestling promotion in the world right now is World Wonder Ring Stardom, or just “Stardom” for short. It is doing gangbusters in terms of business and has a pretty positive reputation nowadays, but it was not always thus. In fact, the history of Stardom as a whole is a huge and frequently insane rabbit hole. Its founder, Hiroshi “Rossy” Ogawa, is a businessman who had been a ringside photographer for AJW back in the golden age, and depending on who you talk to, he is everything from a kindly father figure to often-damaged young women, and a career saviour who can turn things around for women cast aside by other exploitative industries or badly treated in other wrestling companies, to a seedy old man who plays favourites, has a penchant for body-shaming, and who has allowed and even encouraged both abusive and exploitative practices - including potentially of children - to go on under his watch.
The ever-controversial Ogawa
The entire company was born out of one of many attempts - several of which involving Ogawa - during this downturn in the fortunes of women’s wrestling to adapt to the trappings of the already-exploitative and materialistic idol industry; to recount the many bizarre escapades of the history of Stardom would take forever. I mean, this is a company that built its public image around a gravure model; which recruited an island of misfit toys, including a former hikikomori (shut-in), and an internationally-competing yachtswoman and classical Japanese literature graduate from a prestigious university, who was recruited to Stardom after one of their trainers chanced upon her portraying a wrestler in an amateur theatre production. A company that first came to public prominence due to having to fire its World Champion, YOSHIKO, after she went off-script and deliberately pummelled a wrestler named Act Yasukawa so badly she was disfigured and permanently blinded in one eye, a shocking and gruesome event still known to the Japanese public as “the Ghastly Match”. A company which attracted criticism for building its reputation around rehabilitating idols and emphasising the physical attractiveness of its competitors, then putting 11- and 12-year-old girls in the ring in front of a paying public (some of whom appeared to take an uncomfortable interest in the youngsters) and selling swimsuit photobooks including talents below the age of consent. A company which saw its own fans bully and shame a young wrestler into retirement, and a couple of years later, even worse, its biggest rising star, Hana Kimura - following an altercation with a popular comedian on a reality TV show - became the victim of a targeted and aggressive cyberbullying campaign so intense that it drove her to public self-mutilation and suicide, resulting in multiple trolls being sentenced to prison time and precipitating changes to Japanese law. As an added twist of poignancy, it had been Hana’s mother, Kyoko, who had gone to ringside, called an audible and thrown in the towel to protect Act Yasukawa and bring an end to the “ghastly match”.
Act Yasukawa, an early Stardom fan favourite due to her charisma and sympathetic background, suffering from Graves’ Disease, having been bullied as a child to the point of attempting suicide and having to take medication that rendered her infertile in order to continue her career, before a brutal off-script beating (warning: graphic) that forced her into an early retirement
Shiki Shibusawa, Stardom’s Rookie of the Year in 2017, hounded out of the industry by abuse from the company’s own fans less than a year later
Hana Kimura, one of Stardom’s brightest prospects, shortly before taking her own life in 2020, aged just 22
And yet, somehow, this company survives - and not just survives but thrives. Stardom became strong enough that it attracted mainstream attention, and convinced NJPW, the biggest wrestling federation in Asia, to introduce a women’s title. Bushiroad, the corporation that owns NJPW, purchased Stardom and now markets its events worldwide. Ogawa has been ousted, freeing the company from some of the controversies of its past and sparking change in the style of promotion, and founded his own rival group, Dream Star Fighting Marigold. The company has developed partnerships with major companies in the US, Mexico and Europe, and most of the Japanese women to appear in WWE since 2010 have come via Stardom, while several non-Japanese stars have also spent time there. The promotion’s current champion, Saya Kamitani, originally joined the company to be a backup dancer having never watched wrestling in her life, and has now become a mainstream television figure in Japan, bringing live women’s wrestling to terrestrial television for the first time in 30 years, and become the first woman to ever receive Tokyo Sports’ MVP award. The company is doing record business.
But, what finally persuaded me to write about this separately was not the business side of things, the controversies or the madness of the company sourcing in ring talents from gravure models, sailors, dancers, an alleged yakuza princess, punk rock singers (no, really) and SMALL CHILDREN, but from something which I had not at all anticipated. That, for the first time in over two decades, and not including unscripted tragedies, somebody would make me care about the outcome of a wrestling match - moreover, a wrestling match which had already happened over two years before I learned of her existence.
Saki Kashima, or Less Is More, More or Less
While the stereotype of the usual wrestling fan in the West is of the drunk, ill-educated boor who still believes it’s real, the stereotype of the internet wrestling fan is more akin to that of the anime or strategy games nerd, a fat man-child with a neckbeard whose main fixation is about how many moves their favourite wrestlers can cram into a match, with little regard for anything beyond the gymnastic side of the medium. While that is part of the spectacle, of course, this view is akin to a prog rock fan turning their nose up at the Beach Boys because Pet Sounds doesn’t have any eight minute tracks with contrapuntal duelling guitar solos and shifting time signatures. Being able to do the moves is only one part of the puzzle; knowing when to do them - and when not to - is far more important. And something that makes this crucial is the acting element of wrestling. Wrestlers’ acting skills are often rightly derided as being corny and exaggerated, but this is usually deliberate; apart from the WWE kind of level, where big video screens accompany the shows, they have to convey their emotions in a manner so that the entire audience can read them, no matter which side of the ring they are seated. This exaggerated, performative aspect of the show is just part of the audience’s suspension of disbelief, but can then be dialled up extra notches for the sake of humour, and wrestling has always incorporated levels of comedy - often puerile or slapstick - to add variety to the shows.
In Japan, while the combat element of wrestling is by and large treated more seriously than elsewhere, the comedy is often more overt. This, I believe, is a holdover from the old days of converted sumo wrestlers; while sumo is legitimate competition, every competition day will include a slapstick performance by lower level rikishi who demonstrate the various forbidden actions within the dohyo by way of an exaggerated, standardised routine designed to illustrate to the audience what they will and will not see in the show, regardless of language or literacy. Nearly every company will have a wrestler or two who are never going to win any “best match” accolades or the hearts of the elitists, but their primary role is comic relief, usually with an exaggeratedly comical appearance or costume to reinforce that they are a spectacle separate from the more serious wrestlers, and they are also often used as the opposition when a wrestler is nursing, or recovering from, injury, in order to get them onto the show without expending much by way of physical exertion.
Saki Kashima is not a comedy wrestler. Except sometimes, when she is. But she isn’t.
She will never be the darling of the stereotypical wrestling fan. She is, however, the best in the world at knowing when not to do the moves. Or, in fact, any moves at all.
She is an unlikely pro wrestler - by her own admission, teenage Saki was a loner from a backwater town, who dropped out of high school, hated being in front of people, felt uncomfortable conversing, and weighed under 40kg. She was talked into giving it a try by her mother, who was desperate to find her daughter something sociable to do, as although she clearly wasn’t physically suited to it, wrestling seemed to be one of the only things she actually enjoyed. But she was the only trainee from her class who stuck it out. Kashima’s career began in 2011, but the first part of her career, in front of the tiny crowds of Stardom’s formative years, isn’t really of great interest other than the curio that she wasn’t debuted as part of a ‘wave’ of talents as rookies tend to be introduced in Japan, but on her own due to an unfortunately-timed injury, and she was curiously billed at 50kg, a weight she was visibly nowhere near (and would never reach in her career). This period would last only around 18 months, however, before she bid adieu; despite winning her first belt as part of the company’s inaugural trios champions, she was simply too frail for the nightly punishment of the regular circuit, and went on a long leave of absence which resulted in her contract being voided and the belts being vacated.
There is unfortunately more to it; Stardom at the time was rife with cliques - something that would be a persistent problem until changes forced by the “Ghastly Match” - and Japanese sources mention Ogawa talking of an incident in this period where a wrestler quit after a clique of seniors forcibly isolated them socially from their peers and controlled all their interactions for months, and “fled home to Matsue”. Although unnamed in the book, by process of elimination this could only have been Kashima (although a couple of hours away from her hometown, Matsue is the capital of her home prefecture, and where she would work at a pachinko parlour during her leave of absence), however as Ogawa can’t be considered an especially reliable narrator this was rather buried all the way until April 2026, when Kashima herself corroborated the story in an interview with the Samurai!TV channel, stating that she had not wanted to quit, but was being constantly threatened and harassed backstage, and felt coerced into “leaving of her own accord”.
Nevertheless, she would make an unexpected return to the ring in 2018, after five years away, following which she spent almost two years as part of the faction known as “Stars”, a saccharine-sweet group of do-gooders supporting the company’s main protagonist Mayu Iwatani. Mayu was the last remaining part of the “Threedom” group, whose exploits had rebuilt the company’s reputation after the “Ghastly Match” (the others being Io Shirai and Kairi Hojo, both of whom left for WWE), and a pet project of Rossy Ogawa, who had quite literally taken her in and put a roof over her head; according to a 2017 documentary, she experienced something traumatic but undisclosed as a child, causing her to refuse to leave her house for almost three years, before deciding to become a wrestler and running away to Tokyo, aged 16 and with nothing but two bags of clothes and the money in her pocket. Due to this childhood isolation, she had remained off-screen friends with many of her fellow first- and second-generation trainees even after several of them retired, as they were among her first real friends. It was perhaps natural that she and Saki would share a connection, both being similarly-aged, lonely high school dropouts from small Chugoku towns who had been among Stardom’s earliest wave of recruits, and that she would play a role in bringing her friend back to wrestling years down the line.
Stardom wrestlers in 2010. Kashima and Iwatani, aged 17 and still trainees at this point, can be seen together in the top left
Two small-town social recluses, recast as cheerful, cosmopolitan heroines upon reuniting almost a decade later
While this kinship with Iwatani meant she got a prominent role in skits and non-wrestling segments, due to her slight build making her a physical underdog in the vast majority of match-ups and her outward appearance of prettiness and fragility setting off protection instincts in the mostly-male audience, Kashima’s character at this time would largely be limited to “babyface in peril”, the good guy who gets beaten up in tag team matches before tagging in the bigger star to save the day; she would take a huge amount of punishment, never giving up, until finally tagging Iwatani in to deliver the crowd-pleasing climax - and Saki would often be pinned when they lost, so that the bigger star didn't look weak. Once a bigger name returnee, Arisa Hoshiki, joined the faction and became Iwatani’s primary partner, Kashima saw herself relegated to a bit-part player. She got a couple of reigns with team-based titles, but she was always the junior partner to bigger stars in these. And it was always her that took the fall when the time came for them to lose the belts. Her most memorable chance to show personality during this period came during a feud with the villainous Oedo Tai stable, where a wrestler called Natsu Sumire would grab the microphone and karaoke along to Kashima’s entrance theme, enraging her and amusing both her Stars teammates and the crowd.
Sumire would spend almost a year storyline-tormenting Kashima, mocking her appearance and small-town background and calling her a “Donki” or “Don Quixote girl”, referencing a cheap Japanese chain store selling knock-off or end-of-line clothing and make-up, somewhere in between Hot Topic in the US and Primark in Western Europe, and popular with the yanki subculture of dropout teenagers and 20-something NEETs - ramping up the trolling further in a gimmick match during a holiday special, where the wrestlers all had to cosplay as one another; she would come out to the ring as “the REAL Saki Kashima”, with her generic, smiling demeanour exchanged for a scruffy delinquent in thrift shop clothes, cheap make-up and perfume, smoking and carrying her ring gear in plastic Donki bags, suggesting that her entire presentation was a façade.
But the thing is, it kinda was. She may not have been the caricature presented by Sumire (for one thing, neither Masuda nor Matsue has a Don Quixote store), but neither was she the pure and clean idol Stardom presented her as; her previous employment was being whitewashed to downplay the grey economy nature of pachinko, while her ring gear was high-waisted to hide a tattoo on her hip, which would also be airbrushed out of the company’s idol-oriented content. The character she was playing had both a shelf-life and a ceiling, and it was becoming increasingly clear that change was needed to avoid becoming stale. And to stop Sumire from further embarrassing her and making her a figure of fun to the audience, the path of least resistance would be… to join the villains herself, of course.
Mayu laughing along on guest commentary while Saki got pummelled during a match was the final straw. Iwatani being a terrible leader of the good guys, constantly introducing a new flavour-of-the-month best friend, only to cast them aside for a new toy and see them turn on her, became a running gag in Stardom, as Kashima was just one of many who followed this route to on-screen villainy. Although it does not appear that there had been much long-term planning involved (in fact, Kashima at first had to borrow outfits from former nemesis Sumire in order to fit with the colour scheme of her new colleagues), joining Oedo Tai boosted Kashima’s career, because as is often the case in wrestling, the “heels” get to show more character. At first, she was portrayed as an intense villain, and a chaotic “Lumberjill” match in an empty arena, where Iwatani would get her chance at revenge on Saki, and the two engaged in a battle of one-upmanship over who could show the least regard for their own personal safety, is considered by many to be the best thing Stardom did during the Covid-19 era.
However, she was similarly ill-at-ease in this role. During the Covid days, due to the empty arenas, Stardom increased their amount of backstage content, allowing wrestlers to livestream and film their own behind-the-scenes action to encourage fan interaction, and despite ostensibly being villains, Oedo Tai as a whole would enjoy a wave of popularity due to their entertaining presence in this format, becoming more about wreaking mischief and mayhem than ruthless acts of villainy, which suited Kashima far better. She teamed with the faction’s leader, Natsuko Tora, and she played the older sister/mentor role after recruiting Rina, one of two 13-year-old twins promoted to the roster with an angel/devil dynamic, into the team later in 2020. But perhaps most significantly, she was the last woman standing for her team in a match against her former team that resulted in Oedo Tai press-ganging Fukigen Death, the company’s resident comedy character, an evil clown (portrayed by veteran wrestler Kaori Yoneyama) who would do short matches which required a minimum of physical effort and would see Death running around creating chaos, with Kashima taking up the role of keeping the mischievous and troublesome clown “under control”.
In time, Kashima would make that desire to expend the minimum amount of effort possible into her most defining character trait, really playing into the characterisation of Sumire and portraying herself as both the ultimate chickens**t villain, whose mouth wrote cheques she couldn’t cash, and a lazy, manipulative grifter. She would show herself shirking work, ignoring strategy meetings, playing rhythm games on her phone, trying to scrounge money out of Ogawa, ordering fast food whenever she succeeded, and referring to her fans as “kimo-ota”, variously translated as “nerds”, “creeps” and “losers”, who were only good for making her money by buying her merchandise. This would translate to her in-ring presentation too; although a safe worker who isn’t known to have ever injured anybody, her scruffy style of execution suited desperation better than control. While the origin of the “Real Saki Kashima” schtick may have been grounded in reality at least at some point in her career, though, Kashima by all backstage accounts (notably including those of punishing trainer and notorious rookie-hazer Nanae Takahashi, a divisive character who had given Saki a roughing up in her debut, as was the fashion of the time) worked really hard to make it despite her physical limitations, and this character change was more about maintenance and longevity; at 163cm she was far from the shortest wrestler on the roster but, weighing just 45kg at her heaviest, she was comfortably the thinnest and lightest, and at higher risk of getting injured. For context, when she debuted she weighed less than Gaia Realini; at her heaviest, she is still 4kg lighter than Kasia Niewiadoma-Phinney. Shortly after her return to the ring, Hana Kimura mockingly called her “a beansprout” due to her stick-thin build, and the nickname stuck, both in and out of the ring. While she was good at being a sympathetic ‘babyface in peril’, though, she simply wasn’t physically durable enough to take that kind of punishment long-term. Portraying a villain at the very least enabled her to avoid being thrown around like a ragdoll every show - but it was a careful balancing act, as while the role she was developing offered plenty of scope for humour, there was the risk of becoming pigeonholed as a comedy wrestler if she overdid it. She still needed to be perceived as a threat.
So, Saki Kashima became a thief. And she became efficient. It was in her interest - both in character and out - to get the job done as soon as possible. She would therefore purge her repertoire of anything that seemed too laborious, relegate her former finishing moves to emergency use only, and in their place came Kishikaisei.
The most electrifying move in sports entertainment
A television and movie trope, “Kishikaisei” (起死回生) translates as “awaken from death and come back to life” and is often used to refer to that moment when the hero has been beaten down and then makes a miraculous comeback. If you’ve ever seen a Rocky movie, you’ll recognise this. It’s a grandiose and melodramatic name for what is, at its core, a form of cradle, an amateur wrestling leverage technique rather than anything that would hurt the opponent. It had been part of her arsenal before, but with Oedo Tai it became a signature, a calling card, and eventually the centrepiece of any Saki Kashima match. Frequently in Oedo Tai’s multi-person tag matches, she would be their saviour; the villains would often be on the brink of defeat when she would pop in at the last second and deflate the audience by stealing a cheap win with a Kishikaisei, even when outnumbered. Against more neutral opponents, she would be being beaten down and surviving by the skin of her teeth, before recovering with a desperation Kishikaisei out of nowhere to score the win. She eliminated Iwatani from high-stakes elimination matches in back to back events with it, and later Saki’s powers of survival and revival became the central driving point of a lengthy title run for Oedo Tai, with Starlight Kid and Momo Watanabe being above her in the pecking order but frequently having to rely on Saki’s clutch ability to pull a Kishikaisei out of nowhere to retain the belts. She could be pinned by the lowliest member of the opposition team… but if she survived long enough and got her move in, she could beat the very best - including the top dogs of the company. She would enter the company’s annual 5 Star Grand Prix (a sort of league table of singles matches taking place over two weeks, akin to a sumo basho) and lose to everybody… except the two highest-status wrestlers in her block, both of whom she’d defeat with a surprise Kishikaisei.
Audiences became conditioned to react to the move’s set-up until it was almost all she need do; it ceased to be a desperation move, and became something that she would look to hit from any angle at any time. Her teammates took to carrying a stopwatch to her matches as their brevity became a feature; most of the shortest matches in the company’s history are matches Kashima won by executing a Kishikaisei in the first few seconds of the match, usually via a deceitful fake handshake offer, enabling her to pop the crowd off barely ten seconds’ work. Including a long-awaited revenge meeting with Mayu Iwatani, where she pinned the company’s most established star in 17 seconds. Including opening the company’s premier tournament by pinning its biggest rising star in under 40 seconds. And including what for many years was the shortest match in the company’s history, when she pinned Hana Kimura in 8 seconds during the 5 Star Grand Prix.
And perhaps most impressively, the crowd would come unglued whenever the move was threatened or executed, yet it wasn’t some impressive powerful slam, top rope dive or acrobatic feat that would generate that reaction; it was a cradle pin, one which could be delivered to any opponent at any time and carried no physical risk to either the giver or receiver of the move. Saki Kashima is the smartest wrestler out there. I mean, Hulk Hogan could get by on just a couple of moves, but 40 years of leg drops destroyed his hips. People who paid good money to see the company’s biggest stars could see their heroes lose to the villain in ten seconds, and go home happy. Genius.
