Six weeks before the Cup began on Sept. 7, Oracle examined a sailing technique called foiling. This involves lifting its boat's two hulls out of the water, by balancing on L-shaped boards called foils, to reduce drag and increase speed. The boats had already foiled downwind, so the team studied whether it could do so on the course's upwind leg, where boats must sail about 45 degrees to the wind and make a series of zigzag turns.
The problem was that the yacht needed to be moving especially fast to elevate on its foils. And to get the extra speed, the boat would have to avoid headwinds by sailing on a less-direct zigzag course.
Oracle didn't like the test results and decided against the tactic. "They had it so wrong out of the blocks," said Ken Read, a former America's Cup skipper and current NBC Sports analyst. "It's shocking how much technology they had at their disposal and came out so wrong upwind."
But when the regatta started, one team did foil upwind: New Zealand. The Kiwis trounced Oracle in six of the first seven races, building enormous leads on the upwind segment.
During that first week, a flustered Oracle team called a "timeout" to postpone a race and regroup. The team's 11 sailors spent the off days studying upwind foiling again. They realized the technique had two advantages: the speed boost offset the greater distance the boat had to travel. And they could better maintain speed on zigzag turns, which are called tacks, with the boat's hull above the water. "You cover more ground, but you're going into the tack at a faster speed," Oracle chief Russell Coutts said Sunday.
Oracle adopted the technique and immediately started equaling the Kiwis on the upwind leg. Then, in the last few races, breezed past them. "We just had to configure the boat properly," Ellison said Wednesday. "The guys on the engineering team finally...broke the code. Russell talked about driving the boat lower and faster, rather than higher and slower."