Factors in relation with speed in general that could change from an era to another one:
Doping
Training (Technic, altitude,...)
Material
Quality of the peloton (in relation with globalization)
Roads
Routes (lengh of stages, mountain passes, etc...)
Factors in relation with an stage or climb
Beside of some of the above:
Wind (this is the most important, speed with tailwind is very different than with headwind, but it depends as well of every climb or stage, of its protection or people on the roads)
Situation of the stage in the race. In the first mountain stage the speed shoudl be higher that at the end of a GT.
Weather conditions (very cold, very hot or rainy afect)
If you talk just of a stage, it depends of how power has been wasted the previous stages.. after two easy days is it not the same that after two hard and stressfull stages, or a rest day.
if you talk of a climb, it depends of how is raced: if you do the climb wheeling at a hight level, and at the end you do alone just one km, that is better that if you do alone all the climb. If you go attacking and sttoping, you will do bad time. if you go all the climb wheeling, but with a slow pace, you will do a big last attack, but the time climb will be bad.
If you consider all of that factors, you can asseverate: this performance is better than this other one.
By the way, just to say a time in a climb and compare with another one, and to say: All those people were doped, and now this time is even better, he must be doped, that is too simple.
I say that Porte performance the other day in Willunga was better than Slagter, despite it was 16 seconds slower, becouse the headwind, as I say Froome performance in Ax 3 Domaines, is clearly worse than Lance, Mayo, Zubeldia, Ulle, Vino in 2003, despite a similar time, becouse this one was in the second part of the Tour, after big battles in the Alps, a hard tour in general. With a hot wave, and Froome time was after a quite first week, firts mountain stage.
It is a very different situation to compare.
Laiseka hold the best time in Ax 3 domaines. Is he the best rider that has climb there? it was he more doped than the others in that era? So, it is just not quality or doping that counts.
In Mont Ventoux, Andy wanst impressed: Froome did the same time than me in 2009, and we were attacking and stopping. I watched the videos again and the wind direction was the same both years. When Pantani and Lance, the wind was more headwind.
Thanks if you read me.
