Merckx index said:The implications of this statement—that “good” people do what it takes to survive cancer, and “bad” people don’t—is total BS. People survive or don’t survive cancer largely because of factors out of their control. The one thing they can do—if they have enough money, or if they live in a country that doesn’t deny health care to people who aren’t rich—is find good treatment. After that, it’s largely a matter of what type of cancer it is, and how soon after it developed that it was diagnosed and treated. The only relevant factor we know for sure is that LA let the cancer progress far further than he should have before seeking treatment. Probably because he was an athlete accustomed to denying pain or pathology. This is on the record, and indicates that in this respect, he was just damn lucky to survive (though it’s not unusual, see below).
Do you have a link for this?
As I said before, if he took EPO when he returned in 2009—a question that may very well be answered at some point in the future—that has huge ramifications for his image as a spokesman to cure cancer. Beyond that, a discussion of this topic just might be considered by young riders who are considering the pros and cons of doping.
There are many examples of factors that result in a relatively small but significant increase in cancers (e.g., second-hand smoke; certain kinds of foods). It’s possible that certain PEDs are in that class. Because the effect is relatively small, it might not be at all apparent in looking at a population of riders. Obviously it would be very difficult to do a rigorous epidemiological study of them, particularly when very few of them will admit to doping, and even those that do, we don’t know exactly when, for how long, what, and how much.
This is a very interesting link, and suggests an actual mechanism that could account for some causative effect of certain PEDs on cancer. This study found, in essence, that while evidence of parvovirus infection is present in the circulation of a majority of subjects (both with and without testicular cancer), it was also found in the testis of a large majority of individuals with testicular cancer, but not in any controls. Antibody examination showed that the virus was not in the blood as a result of acute infection, IOW, it had been around for some time. In individuals who developed testicular cancer, the virus found its way into the testis.
We don’t know why, but one reasonable possibility, as RR notes, is that immunosuppression could result in inadequate neutralization of the virus, allowing it to infect the testis and possibly trigger events leading to cancer. The relationship between viruses and cancer is heavily researched now, and several cancers are known to have viral causes.
The same figure appeared in another statistic in this paper:
This paper was published in 1998, not long after LA’s bout with cancer. I guess 85% of the population has laser-like focus, Polish.
Of course. I think RR was just noting that immunosuppression might increase the chances of a virus--already known to be present in large proportion of the population--infecting a tissue and causing cancer there.
No, the fact that controls have just as great a seroprevalence of the virus is evidence that the virus is not "caused by cancer". You could argue that cancer began from an independent mechanism, and the cancerous tissue in some manner made it possible for the virus to infect it. But given the strong evidence that viruses can have a causative role in cancers, that would probably be considered by most researchers as less likely.
The authors raise both possibilities in their conclusions, though emphasizing the notion that the virus could have caused the cancer:
Yes, the virus usually is benign, as are many viruses known to cause cancer. The question is why or how it becomes malignant, and immunosuppression is a very real possibility.
We certainly can't conclude that drug-induced immunosuppression was a cause of LA's cancer, agreed. As I said before, the value and interest of RR's links is that it suggests a possible connection between certain PEDs and cancer, which ought to be of general interest in this forum regardless of whether it's relevant to LA's cancer. And again, if LA was shown to take one of these drugs at a time when evidence for this connection was known, shame on him. The article RR cited was published in 1998. It would be interesting to know if LA's doctors knew about this work, given that his TUE for cortisone was at about the same time.
Bottom line: No one is saying this work proves anything, for anyone let alone LA. But I find it very relevant to this thread.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539403
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12185288
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10748869
Some studies since have found an association of the virus with germ cell tumors, though in a lower proportion of subjects. AFAIK, whether the virus precedes the tumor or vice-versa has not yet been settled.
Thanks. That was very informative. My gripe was the implied assertion that the 85% recited in the article could be translated into an 85% likelihood that Armstrong's cancer was caused or exacerbated by his doping.