I really have to thank Fergie for the information that led to this post. Sometimes he really does post useful information although it is not clear he realizes it. A few pages back he posted a comment that the group that started this thread had a subsequent paper that contradicted their first finding. I did a little google search and found the paper, the full text
available here.
In this paper I found this:
Thus, in principle, FE affects GE in a direct manner. A number of studies have demonstrated a moderate to strong relationship between FE and GE (e.g., Zameziati et al. 2006; Candotti et al. 2007).
So, I thought it might be interesting to see what Zameziati et al. and Candotti et. al. did and found.
Zameziati (
abstract here) found this:
IE(360 degrees) and IE(180 degrees Asc) were significantly correlated with GE (r = 0.79 and 0.66, respectively) and NE (r = 0.66 and 0.99, respectively). In contrast, IE(180 degrees Desc) was not correlated to GE or to NE. From a mechanical point of view, during the upstroke, the subject was able to reduce the non-propulsive forces applied by an active muscle contraction, contrary to the downstroke phase. As a consequence, the term 'passive phase', which is currently used to characterize the upstroke phase, seems to be obsolete.
In other words, what was done on the backstroke was what was important in determining cycling efficiency. This could explain the 10% cycling efficiency improvement seen in 6 weeks of PowerCranks training seen by Luttrell over the control group. Now wait for it, Fergie will be here soon stating that efficiency is not an important metric when it comes to cycling.
Candotti (
abstract and full text available here) found this:
Cyclists produced significantly more effective force and a higher index of pedalling effectiveness at 60 and 75 rev/min and were significantly more economic at all cadences than triathletes. The significant and positive correlation between effective force and economy at all cadences suggests that improvement of the effective force would reflect on economy.
Now we are finding that cadence is also an important part of this equation. I might note that it is significantly easier to unweight on the upstroke when one is at a lower cadence. Now wait for it, Fergie will be here soon stating that efficiency/economy is not an important metric when it comes to cycling.
Anyhow, while Fergie seems to think this is all settle science it does seem as if there is substantial reason one might believe otherwise. Enjoy.