GW1516 is
not an ESA & doesn't influence hematological values at all. It's PPAR agonist/modulator that improves metabolism & fat oxidation. It was touted as "excercise in a pill" that was supposed to solve the obesity crisis. However, GlaxoSmithKline abandoned the project after lab animals were developing cancer during the phase 1 trials. Nonetheless, it's still popular with some dopers especially strength athletes (go figure Lol). Aicar also doesn't influence hematological values & like GW1516 influences metabolism & fat oxidation through genetic pathways.
CERA is a 3rd gen ESA. 1st gen is Epogen/Procrit, 2nd gen is Darbopoetin (Aranesp). CERA is popular with dopers because of the injection frequency. Only 1-2 injections per month to reach target Hct levels vs 2-3 injections per week for Epogen & 1 per week for Nesp.
Another popular ESA is
FG-4592 (Roxadustat) which is a HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor). It was developed as an anti-anemia drug for renal failure & CKD patients. Research also shows it reduces oxidative stress & inflammation. It is administered in
oral form - the only ESA that doesn't need to be injected (dopers refer to it as "oxygen in a pill"). And dopers were already on top of this using the drug years before it was even FDA-approved! There have been several endurance athletes testing positive for FG-4592 including a few cyclists. If it wasn't for a test developed, FG-4592 would be a doper's dream. Lol.
Exogenous
testosterone was shown in a study to increase hematological values in a dose-dependant manner but primarily in older men over 60 with low-T levels (~10%) vs younger men 19-35 yrs old with normal T levels (~5%).
Microdosing EPO is still undetectable & doesn't trigger the ABP hematological markers. And small blood transfusions done within the upper & lower parameters of the ABP also wouldn't trigger a red flag. And according to a recent study, small amounts of blood transfusions can produce significant gains in endurance performance.
IMO, it's still
O2-Vector doping they're pursuing to get that edge. And if you look at the distance running side of things, WADA is seeing a significant number of EPO positives & ABP hematological-anomalies cases - some with top elites.
FG-4592, which increases production of red blood cells, is not approved for human consumption but nonetheless has led to two positive tests just this month.
www.nytimes.com
New data from a PCC funded study from the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports at the University of Copenhagen reveals that a small blood transfusion of only 135 ml of red blood cells can improve performance in cycling and other […]
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